Am I at risk of liver cancer?
Most liver cancers develop with no obvious cause, but several factors can increase your risk.
This page explains what biliary cancer is, what the risk factors are, and when you should see your doctor.
Risk factors for liver cancer
- chronic infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus
- heavy alcohol use over many years
- metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), often caused by obesity, a high-fat diet, or diabetes
- smoking tobacco
- being overweight or obese
- having type 2 diabetes
- the body storing too much iron (haemochromatosis)
- deficiency of the protein alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)
- exposure to certain chemicals
Family history and genetic risk
Unlike some other cancers, liver cancer is rarely caused by inherited genetic factors.
However, some inherited conditions can increase your risk of developing liver problems that may lead to liver cancer including haemochromatosis (too much iron in the body) and Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.
If you have concerns about family history of liver disease or related conditions, discuss this with your GP.
Signs and symptoms to watch for
Liver cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
- discomfort or pain in the right side of the upper abdomen
- feeling sick (nausea) with loss of appetite
- yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
- dark urine and/or pale stools
- itchy skin
- unexplained extreme tiredness (fatigue)
- losing weight without trying
- fever
- a swollen abdomen caused by fluid build-up (ascites)
These symptoms can be caused by many conditions other than cancer, including liver disease itself. However, if you have liver disease and notice new or worsening symptoms, it’s important to contact your doctor.
Preventing liver cancer
While not all cases of liver cancer can be prevented, there are important steps you can take to reduce your risk:
• Get vaccinated against hepatitis B
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Treat hepatitis infections
• Maintain a healthy weight through balanced eating and physical activity
• Manage diabetes and fatty liver disease with your doctor’s guidance
• Quit smoking
• Have regular check-ups if you have liver disease or are at higher risk
Need more information?
If you’re concerned about your risk for liver cancer, or if you are experiencing any signs or symptoms that worry you, it’s important to speak with your general practitioner.
Want to talk?
Speak to an upper GI cancer nurse or counsellor, we're here to provide you with the support you need. Support available to anyone impacted by upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm.
