Am I at risk of oesophageal cancer?
The exact cause of oesophageal cancer is unknown. However, certain factors can increase your risk.
This page explains what those risk factors are, what symptoms to watch for, and when you should talk to your doctor.
Risk factors for oesophageal cancer
Smoking tobacco, frequent alcohol use, or being overweight or obese
Chronic acid reflux (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease or GORD), Barrett’s oesophagus and achalasia (a swallowing condition)
Exposure to certain chemicals, certain hereditary conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome
Important to know: Having risk factors doesn’t mean you will develop oesophageal cancer. Many people with risk factors never develop the disease. If you’re concerned about your risk, talk to your doctor.
Family history and genetic risk
Most cases of oesophageal cancer are not caused by inherited genetic factors. They usually develop due to lifestyle or environmental factors.
However, in very rare cases, oesophageal cancer can be linked to inherited conditions such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. These hereditary risk factors are extremely rare.
Currently, there are no genetic tests available to screen for oesophageal cancer risk in the general population.
Signs and symptoms to watch for
In the early stages, oesophageal cancer often doesn’t cause any symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they can seem like other, less serious health problems such as heartburn or a sore throat.
You should see your GP if you experience:
- difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) - this may start with difficulty swallowing solid foods and progress to liquids
- food getting stuck when you swallow
- pain or discomfort when swallowing
- persistent indigestion or heartburn
- losing weight without trying
- vomiting or bringing food back up
- hoarseness or a persistent cough
- pain in your throat or behind your breastbone
These symptoms are common and usually caused by conditions other than cancer. However, if you have symptoms that worry you or that persist, it’s important to see your GP.
Preventing oesophageal cancer
There is no guaranteed way to prevent oesophageal cancer. However, you may be able to lower your risk by:
• quitting smoking
• limiting alcohol intake
• eating a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables
• maintaining a healthy weight
• managing chronic acid reflux with your doctor’s help
Need more information?
If you’re concerned about your risk for oesophageal cancer, or if you are experiencing any signs or symptoms that worry you, it’s important to speak with your general practitioner.
Want to talk?
Speak to an upper GI cancer nurse or counsellor, we're here to provide you with the support you need. Support available to anyone impacted by upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm.
